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SAPOTACEAE(Sapodilla family)
800 tropical species occur in 35 to 75 ill-defined genera. Many furnish useful products, especially gutta-percha and balata. Poisoning by several Brazilian woods of this family causes alopecia (Friese 1932 cited by Senear 1933). [Summary yet to be added]
The fruit of this thorny North African tree provides an edible oil known as argan oil (Morton & Voss 1987). The genus is monotypic (Mabberley 2008). [Further information available but not yet included in database] The wood-dust from this tropical African tree is irritant to the respiratory tract (Orsler 1973). Hausen (1970) cites Anon (1954) for mucosal irritation from the wood. The genus is monotypic (Mabberley 2008).
The wood from this tropical West African tree is said to be injurious (Bois Tropicaux 1966, Helig 1957, cited by Hausen 1970). The genus is monotypic (Mabberley 2008). The genus is noted under Madhuca. See Paratecoma (fam. Bignoniaceae) re confused nomenclature (Woods and Calnan 1976). Six species are found from Mexico to tropical South America. The sap of the entire plant is caustic and vesicant to the skin and eyes (Allen 1943). 150 species are found in tropical regions, especially in America. C. cainito is cultivated for its edible fruit - the star apple. A Brazilian species of this genus was reported to produce dermatitis from the fine dust produced in making veneers (Friese 1932). See Paratecoma (fam. Bignoniaceae) for confused nomenclature (Woods and Calnan 1976). 100 species are found in Malaysia, Australia, the Pacific region and tropical America. The fruit of L. bifera is edible.
These Brazilian species were reported to cause dermatitis from the fine dust produced in making veneers (Friese 1932, Gottwald 1958). 85 species are native to Indo-China, Indo-Malaysia and Australia. The botanical name Bassia All. refers to a genus of Chenopodiaceae. The botany is complex (Hausen 1970); he confused the genus with Bassia of the Chenopodiaceae. The powdered bark is sternutatory (Quisumbing 1951). The juice from the bark is irritant and is used as a rubefacient (Behl et al. 1966). The wood is said to be irritant (Schwartz et al. 1957).
The flowers are edible and are distilled to make a liquor. The leaves yield an essential oil. The wood was reported to produce dermatitis in all woodworkers who were exposed, suggesting an irritant effect (Pflanz 1908, Matthes and Schreiber 1914). According to Record (1925) the moah wood or edelteak which Matthes and Schreiber (1914) identified as Illipe longifolia (or I. latifolia) was actually Paratecoma peroba. All lists which include Bassia, Illipe and Madhuca as toxic woods appear to result from Matthes and Schreiber's error. Woods and Calnan (1976) suggest that the wood named moah (Pflanz 1908) may have been Flindersia. Schwartz et al. (1957) list the wood as irritant. The statements of irritation re Madhuca indica above and M. parkii below are possibly irrelevant by reason of the error noted in the report of Matthes and Schreiber (1914). The thick sticky juice from the bark is irritant and workers with a meal derived from the plant can develop cellulitis of the hands and feet (Lewin 1962, Behl et al. 1966). Thomson (1971) does not accept reports that the wood yields lapachol, a sensitiser of teak (Tectona grandis L. f., fam. Labiatae). The wood is said to be irritant (Schwartz et al. 1957). 70 species are found in tropical regions. This West Indies species is reported to be injurious (Heilig 1957). The fine dust produced in making veneers produced dermatitis (Freise 1932). Woods and Calnan (1976) cite an incompletely referenced report that the wood of assapookoo is very poisonous. This species yields a gutta-percha. The fine dust produced in making veneers produced dermatitis (Freise 1932). This species is cultivated for its edible fruit and the latex is extracted to form chicle, a chewing gum. Burkill (1935), referring to Achras zapota, notes that the wood-dust is irritant to the nasal passages. 57 species are found in tropical Africa; one species from Malaysia to the Pacific region. The wood is injurious (Hanslian and Kadlec 1966). This species is now referred to Manilkara bidentata A. Chev. This species is noted under Tieghemella. The wood is injurious (Hanslian and Kadlec 1966). Conjunctivitis, possibly allergic, occurred in 80 per cent of workers with the wood of this species (Kubena et al. 1968). Manilkara appears to be the preferred name for Mimusops spp. Woods and Calnan (1976) and the above reports appear to stem from Freise (1932) who reported dermatitis from this group of woods.
This New Caledonian tree accumulates extraordinary amounts of nickel from the soil in which it grows. The nickel content of its blue-green latex can reach 25% on a dry weight basis (Jaffré et al. 1976). The nickel occurs predominantly as a negatively charged citratonickelate (II) complex with [Ni(H2O)6]2+ as the major cationic constituent (Lee et al. 1977). Whilst the contact sensitising properties of nickel compounds are well known (Cronin 1980), there appear to be no reports of contact dermatitis attributable to this plant. More than 115 species are found in Formosa, south-eastern Asia, Indo-Malaysia and the Solomon Islands. Gutta-percha, a trans isomer of rubber, is derived from Palaquium gutta in cultivation and from other species (Willis 1973). After eating the fruit pulp, everything, even lime juice, tastes deliciously sweet. This effect persists for about an hour, depending upon the amount consumed (Fairchild 1930, Menninger 1967). See also Sphenocentrum jollyanum Pierre, fam. Menispermaceae and Thaumatococcus daniellii Benth., fam. Marantaceae. Nasal and respiratory irritation with haemoptysis occurred in men sawying woods from Spanish Guinea probably mainly Tieghemella africana (Dantin-Gallego and Armayor 1952). This wood is less often exported than Tieghemella heckelii but equally irritant (Anon 1955, Subiza Martin 1971). The wood can cause dermatitis, conjunctivitis and respiratory symptoms (Malespini 1935, Turc et al. 1950, Sandermann & Barghoorn 1955); this has discouraged its use (Bois Tropicaux 1966). Makore was listed by Oleffe et al. (1975) as a cause of dermatitis in the Belgian timber industry. The wood contains a glycoside of bassic acid (Sandermann and Barghoorn 1955, King et al. 1955). References
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