ORCHIDACEAE

(Orchid family)

17,000 species in 735 genera are of cosmopolitan distribution, abundant in the tropics but rare in Arctic regions.

[Summary yet to be added]

Aerangis fastuosa (Rchb.f.) Schltr.

[syn. Angraecum fastuosum Rchb.f.]

Magnificent Aerangis

Aerangis Fastuosa Callus Powder [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have skin conditioning properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).

Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata

Formosa Anoectochilus, Jewel Orchid, Taiwan Jewel Orchid

Anoectochilus Formosanus Cell Culture Extract, Anoectochilus Formosanus Extract, and Anoectochilus Formosanus Shoot [INCI; all of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], are recognised cosmetic product ingredients purported variously to have emollient, humectant, and skin conditioning properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).

Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl. ex Willd.) Torr.

[syns Corallorhiza hyemalis (Muhl. ex Willd.) Nutt., Cymbidium hyemale Muhl. ex Willd.]

Adam and Eve, Puttyroot, Aplectrelle d'Hiver

[Information available but not yet included in database]

Bletilla formosana (Hayata) Schltr.

[syns Bletia formosana Hayata, Bletilla kotoensis (Hayata) Schltr., Bletilla szetschuanica Schltr., Jimensia szetschuanica (Schltr.) Garay & R.E.Schult.]

Taiwan Ground Orchid

Bletilla Formosana Callus Extract and Bletilla Formosana Tuber Extract [INCI; both of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], are recognised cosmetic product ingredients purported to have antioxidant properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).

Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb.f.

[syns Bletia hyacinthina (Sm.) Aiton, Limodorum striatum Thunb.]

Chinese Ground Orchid, Hardy Orchid, Hyacinth Bletilla, Hyacinth Orchid, Urn Orchid

Bletia Hyacinthina Bulb Extract [INCI; CAS RN 223748-10-5], and Bletilla Striata Callus Extract, Bletilla Striata Callus Powder, Bletilla Striata Root Extract, Bletilla Striata Root Powder, Bletilla Striata Root Water, and Bletilla Striata Root/Stalk Powder [INCI; all of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], are recognised cosmetic product ingredients variously purported to have abrasive, antioxidant, antimicrobial, humectant, perfuming, skin conditioning, and skin protecting properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).

^a CAS Registry Number is a Registered Trademark of the American Chemical Society

Calanthe discolor Lindl.

Two-Coloured Calanthe

Calanthe Discolor Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have skin conditioning properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).

Coryanthes speciosa Hook.

[syns Coryanthes maculata var. punctata Lindl., Coryanthes punctata Beer, Epidendrum galeatum Vell., Gongora speciosa (Hook.) Hook.]

Bat Orchid, Bucket Orchid

[Information available but not yet included in database]

Cycnoches cooperi Rolfe

[syn. Cycnoches pentadactylon var. cooperi (Rolfe) Pabst]

Cooper's Cycnoches

Cycnoches Cooperi Extract and Cycnoches Cooperi Flower/Leaf Extract [INCI; both of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], are recognised cosmetic product ingredients purported to have antioxidant, emollient, and skin conditioning properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).

Cymbidium erythraeum Lindl.

[syn. Cymbidium hennisianum Schltr.]

Indian Cymbidium, Red-Spotted Lip Cymbidium

Cymbidium Erythraeum Flower Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have antioxidant, humectant, skin conditioning, and skin protecting properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).

Cymbidium goeringii (Rchb.f.) Rchb.f.

[syns Cymbidium virescens Lindl., Maxillaria goeringii Rchb.f.]

Noble Orchid, Riverstream Orchid

Cymbidium Goeringii Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have antioxidant, astringent, hair conditioning, humectant, skin conditioning, and skin protecting properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).

Cymbidium Great Flower

Cymbidium Great Flower Bulb Extract, Cymbidium Great Flower Extract, Cymbidium Great Flower Flower/Stem Extract, Cymbidium Great Flower Flower/Stem Water, Cymbidium Great Flower Leaf Extract, Cymbidium Great Flower Leaf Powder, and Cymbidium Great Flower Stem Extract [INCI; all of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], are recognised cosmetic product ingredients purported to have emollient, hair conditioning, humectant, and skin conditioning properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4). The particular cultivar Cymbidium Great Flower ‘Marie Laurencin’ is the subject of a Japanese Patent describing a "hair growth / restoration agent".^c,d

^a https://www.orchids.org/grexes/cymbidium-great-flower; accessed March 2024
^b https://orchids.fandom.com/wiki/Cymbidium_Great_Flower; accessed March 2024
^c https://patents.google.com/patent/JP5087686B2/en; accessed March 2024
^d https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/com/pc/22/E-PC22-22-01%20Annex.pdf; accessed March 2024

Cymbidium hookerianum Rchb.f.

[syn. Cymbidium grandiflorum Griff.]

Hooker's Cymbidium

Cymbidium Grandiflorum Flower Extract and Cymbidium Grandiflorum Root Extract [INCI; both of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], are recognised cosmetic product ingredients purported to have humectant, skin conditioning properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).

Cymbidium kanran Makino

[syn. Cymbidium oreophilum Hayata]

Cold-Growing Cymbidium, Winter Orchid

Cymbidium Kanran Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have antioxidant, astringent, emollient, and skin conditioning (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).

Cymbidium lancifolium Hook.

[syn. Cymbidium nagifolium Masam.]

Lance-Leafed Cymbidium, Spoon Leaf Orchid

Cymbidium Lancifolium Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have antioxidant, astringent, emollient, and skin conditioning (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).

Cymbidium Lucky Flower

Cymbidium Lucky Flower Stem Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have hair conditioning properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).

^a https://www.orchids.org/grexes/cymbidium-lucky-flower; accessed April 2024
^b https://www.orchidroots.com/detail/information/?pid=100046523; accessed April 2024

Cymbidium sinense (Andrews) Willd.

[syn. Epidendrum sinense Andrews]

Chinese Cymbidium, Chinese New Year Orchid

Cymbidium Sinense Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have antioxidant, emollient, humectant, and skin conditioning properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).

Cypripedium acaule Aiton

[syn. Fissipes acaulis (Aiton) Small]

Moccasin Flower, Pink Lady's Slipper, Pink Moccasin Flower

Nestler (1907) investigated the glandular secretions of the leaves of this species but found no substances that could irritate the skin.

Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb.

[syns Cypripedium bulbosum var. parviflorum (Salisb.) Farw., Cypripedium calceolus subsp. parviflorum (Salisb.) Hultén, Cypripedium calceolus var. parviflorum (Salisb.) Fernald, Cypripedium hirsutum var. parviflorum (Salisb.) Rolfe, Cypripedium luteum var. parviflorum (Salisb.) Raf.]

Northern Small-Flowered Yellow Ladyslipper

MacDougal (1895) observed that 6 of 9 subjects challenged with the leaves and stems of this species developed contact dermatitis. He reported also that tests repeated a year later produced a similar outcome. Nestler (1907) investigated the glandular secretions of the leaves of this species but found no substances that could irritate the skin.

Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens (Willd.) O.W.Knight

[syns Cypripedium bulbosum var. pubescens (Willd.) Farw., Cypripedium calceolus var. pubescens (Willd.) Correll, Cypripedium pubescens Willd.]

Large Yellow Lady's Slipper Orchid, Large Yellow Ladyslipper, Greater Yellow Lady's Slipper Orchid, Flatpetalled Ladyslipper, Golden Slipper, Mocassin Flower

White (1888) noted that Cypripedium pubescens is capable of producing as severe an inflammation of the skin as can Rhus toxicodendron (fam. Anacardiaceae). Dermatitis of the hands and face occurred in a botanist who collected the plants. He observed that his hands were stained with the purplish secretion of the glandular hairs which densely clothed the stems and leaves (McNair 1923, Pammel 1911). MacDougal (1894) referred to a case of an individual who was sensitive to poison ivy and who also experienced dermatitis following contact with either Cypripedium spectabile or Cypripedium pubescens. MacDougal (1895) observed that 6 of 9 subjects challenged with the leaves and stems of Cypripedium pubescens developed contact dermatitis. He reported also that tests repeated a year later produced a similar outcome. By contrast, when Nestler (1907) investigated the glandular secretions of the leaves of Cypripedium pubescens, he found no substances that could irritate the skin.

Cypripedium Pubescens Extract [INCI; CAS RN 84775-54-2; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)]^a, is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have skin conditioning and tonic properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).

^a CAS Registry Number is a Registered Trademark of the American Chemical Society

Cypripedium reginae Walter

[syns Cypripedium album Aiton, Cypripedium spectabile Salisb.]

Queen's Lady's Slipper, Showy Lady's Slipper, White Lady's Slipper Orchid, Cypripède Royal

MacDougal (1894), referring to Cypripedium spectabile, observed at first hand a severe dermatitis elicited by the leaves of this orchid when brushed against the arm. On further investigation he (MacDougal 1895) observed that 6 of 9 subjects challenged with the leaves and stems developed contact dermatitis. He reported also that tests repeated a year later produced a similar outcome. Also referring to Cypripedium spectabile, Nestler (1907) demonstrated that the overground parts of this species yield a skin irritating secretion. Later, Nestler (1908) reported the results of more detailed studies into the skin irritating activity of this species. Referring to Cypripedium hirsutum, Coulter (1904) described the outcome of challenge tests carried out in 22 subjects. Eleven of the subjects exhibited unpleasant effects from the mere handling of this species; a further six reacted only after rubbing of the plant on the skin; and five showed no reaction. Coulter (1904) also noted that he had seen numerous cases of dermatitis (which resembles that caused by poison ivy) attributable to this orchid and that it is most active during the flowering season, becoming practically innocuous after seed maturation. More recently, Beierlein (1957) reported Cypripedium reginae as a cause of allergic contact dermatitis.

Cyrtopodium glutiniferum Raddi

[syn. Cyrtopodium cardiochilum Lindl.]

Glue-Carrying Cyrtopodium

In Brazilian traditional medicine, the juice and ointments prepared from the pseudobulbs of this and other species of Cyrtopodium R. Br. (but with poor or no distinction of the species utilised) are used to treat boils and abscesses and for wound healing (Araujo-Lima et al. 2020/21).

Cyrtopodium Cardiochilum Pseudobulb Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have emollient, humectant, and skin conditioning properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).

Dendrobium bigibbum var. superbum Rchb.f.

[syns Dendrobium bigibbum var. phalaenopsis (Fitzg.) F.M.Bailey, Dendrobium phalaenopsis Fitzg.]

Cooktown Orchid

Dendrobium Phalaenopsis Flower Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have skin conditioning properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).

Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook.

[syn. Dendrobium normale Falc.]

Fringe Lipped Dendrobium

Dendrobium Fimbriatum Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have antioxidant and skin protecting properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).

Dendrobium loddigesii Rolfe

[syn. Dendrobium pulchellum G.Lodd. ex Paxton]

Loddiges' Dendrobium

Dendrobium Loddigesii Leaf/Stem Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have emollient, humectant, skin conditioning, and skin protecting properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).

Dendrobium moniliforme (L.) Sw.

[syns Dendrobium candidum Wall. ex Lindl., Epidendrum moniliforme L., Onychium japonicum Blume]

Japanese Stone Orchid

Dendrobium Candidum, Dendrobium Candidum Callus, Dendrobium Candidum Callus Extract, Dendrobium Candidum Callus Powder, Dendrobium Candidum Extract, Dendrobium Candidum Flower Extract, Dendrobium Candidum Powder, Dendrobium Candidum Stem Extract, Dendrobium Moniliforme Callus Culture Extract, Dendrobium Moniliforme Leaf/Stem Extract, and Onychium Japonicum Extract [INCI; all of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], are recognised cosmetic product ingredients purported variously to have antioxidant, bleaching, emollient, humectant, skin conditioning, and/or skin protecting properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).

[Further information available but not yet included in database]

Dendrobium moschatum (Banks) Sw.

[syns Dendrobium calceolaria Carey ex Hook., Epidendrum moschatum Banks]

Musky-Smelling Dendrobium

Dendrobium Moschatum Flower Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have skin conditioning properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).

Dendrobium nobile Lindl.

[syn. Dendrobium lindleyanum Griff.]

Noble Dendrobium

Dendrobium Nobile Extract, Dendrobium Nobile Flower Extract, Dendrobium Nobile Protocorm Extract, Dendrobium Nobile Stem Extract, and Dendrobium Nobile/Phalaenopsis Amabilis Extract [INCI; all of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], are recognised cosmetic product ingredients purported to have emollient, skin conditioning, and skin protecting properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).

Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo

[syns Dendrobium catenatum Lindl., Dendrobium huoshanense Z.Z.Tang & S.J.Cheng, Dendrobium stricklandianum Rchb.f., Dendrobium tosaense Makino]

Chained Dendrobium

Dendrobium Catenatum Leaf/Stem Extract and Dendrobium Huoshanense Leaf/Stem Extract [INCI; both of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], are recognised cosmetic product ingredients purported variously to have bleaching, skin conditioning, and skin protecting properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).

[Further information available but not yet included in database]

Gavilea venosa (Lam.) Garay & Ormerod

[syns Asarca leucantha (Poepp.) Poepp. & Endl., Gavilea leucantha Poepp., Limodorum venosum Lam.]

Veined Gavilea, White Gavil

[Information available but not yet included in database]

Rhyncholaeliocattleya Marcella Koss

[syn. Brassocattleya Marcella Koss]

Brassocattleya Marcella Koss Leaf/Stem Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have bleaching, emollient, skin conditioning, and skin protecting properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).

[Further information available but not yet included in database]

^a https://www.orchids.org/grexes/brassocattleya-marcella-koss; accessed March 2024
^b https://www.orchids.org/grexes/166479; accessed March 2024

Vanda coerulea Griff. ex Lindl.

Autumn Lady's Tresses, Blue Orchid, Blue Vanda

Vanda Coerulea Extract and Vanda Coerulea Flower Extract [INCI; CAS RN 2242638-84-0; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)]^a, are recognised cosmetic product ingredients purported to have antioxidant and skin conditioning properties respectively (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).

^a CAS Registry Number is a Registered Trademark of the American Chemical Society

Vanilla griffithii Rchb.f.

This plant, "common in the Malay Peninsula, contains a slightly milky latex, which when dropped on the hand or arm produces a very unpleasant irritation of the skin, as I know well by experience. […] This latex is used by native girls, mixed with oil to strengthen and thicken the hair, much as cantharides is used in Europe." (Ridley HN in Sprague 1921).

Vanilla phaeantha Rchb.f.

[syns Vanilla bahiana Hoehne, Vanilla gardneri Rolfe]

Bahia Vanilla, Leafy Vanilla

Vanilla Bahiana Fruit Extract [INCI; of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)], is a recognised cosmetic product ingredient purported to have emollient and fragrancing properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).

Vanilla planifolia Andrews

[syn. Vanilla fragrans Ames]

Bourbon Vanilla, Vanilla Orchid, Vanillier, Vanille

Workers who handled the pods developed dermatitis of the hands and face. The action of a mite or of cardol was suspected. Cardol derived from Anacardium, fam. Anacardiaceae was said to be applied to the pods to darken them (White 1887). Workers who clean, pack and sort the pods can develop dermatitis (Prosser White 1934, Downing 1939). Dermatitis from vanilla is known in the perfume and confectionery industries (Greenberg and Lester 1954, Schwartz et al. 1957).

Conjunctivitis and a partially generalized pustular eruption followed handling vanilla pods (Hiley 1909). A mould which covers the pods and chemicals applied to the pods have been suspected. Vanilla in a hair lotion produced dermatitis; the patient carried out a patch test to vanilla with a positive result (Leggett 1914).

Prosser White (1934) [incorrectly] cited Hutchinson (1892) as the source article in which the term "vanillaism" was coined; Maiden (1912) also referred to this condition. In an outbreak of contact dermatitis in workers with vanilla, 20% of those exposed were affected but they recovered in three weeks and were never troubled again; probably some transient contaminant was responsible (Gougerot and Basset 1939). Irritation occurring in persons who cut the vines was attributed to calcium oxalate crystals in the juice. A positive patch test to vanilla was observed in a sandwich maker who had contact dermatitis (Hjorth and Weismann 1972). Contact dermatitis from vanilla may present as erythema only, without eczematous changes (Sidi and Hincky 1964). Vanillin has sensitising properties and cross-sensitivity is observed with some constituents of balsam of Peru (from Myroxylon balsamum Harms, fam. Leguminosae) (Hjorth 1961). Eating vanilla caused a flare of eczema in a patient who was contact sensitive to the balsam (Pirila 1970). Vanilla and vanillin used in perfumery have caused dermatitis (Greenberg and Lester 1954).

Morton (1962a) noted that several individuals in Florida have acquired a stinging skin irritation, lasting several hours, after cutting back the vine, seemingly caused by crystals of calcium oxalate present in the plant sap. These crystals of calcium oxalate may also irritate the skin of workers harvesting vanilla pods. An individual who chewed a portion of the plant experienced an acute burning sensation in the mouth after a slight delay.

Vanilla Planifolia Flower Extract, Vanilla Planifolia Fruit, Vanilla Planifolia Fruit Extract, Vanilla Planifolia Fruit Oil, Vanilla Planifolia Fruit Water, Vanilla Planifolia Leaf Cell Extract, Vanilla Planifolia Seed, Vanilla Planifolia Seed Powder, and Vanilla Planifolia Tincture [INCI; CAS RN 8024-06-4, 84650-63-5, and 8047-24-3; all of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)]^a, are recognised cosmetic product ingredients purported variously to have abrasive, antioxidant, emollient, perfuming, skin conditioning, skin protecting, and smoothing properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).

^a CAS Registry Number is a Registered Trademark of the American Chemical Society

Vanilla × tahitensis J.W.Moore

[syn. Vanilla × hirsuta M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones]

Tahitian Vanilla, Tahitivanille

Vanilla Tahitensis Fruit, Vanilla Tahitensis Fruit Extract, and Vanilla Tahitensis Seed [INCI; CAS RN 94167-14-3 and 8024-06-4; all of uncertain composition (see Schmidt 2017)]^a, are recognised cosmetic product ingredients purported variously to have abrasive, fragrancing, and skin conditioning properties (Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products 2019, CosIng 2023/4).

^a CAS Registry Number is a Registered Trademark of the American Chemical Society

References

• Araujo-Lima CF, Felzenszwalb I, Macedo AF (2020/21) Cyrtopodium glutiniferum, an example of orchid used in folk medicine: phytochemical and biological aspects. In: Mérillon JM, Kodja H (Eds) Orchids Phytochemistry, Biology and Horticulture: Fundamentals and Applications, pp. 1-16. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing [doi] [WorldCat] [url]
• Beierlein H (1957) Allergischer Hautausschlag, verursacht durch den amerikanischen Prachtfrauenschuh (Cypripedium reginae). [Allergic eczema, caused by the American showy lady's-slipper (Cypripedium reginae)]. Die Orchidee 8(3): 95
• CosIng (2023/4) COSING Ingredients-Fragrance Inventory. [online article]: https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/cosing/pdf/COSING_Ingredients-Fragrance%20Inventory_v2.pdf ; accessed March 2023 [url] [url-2]
• Coulter S (1904, published 1905) The poisonous plants of Indiana. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science: 51-63 [url] [url-2]
• Downing JG (1939) Cutaneous eruptions among industrial workers. A review of two thousand claims for compensation. Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology 39(1): 12-32 [doi] [url]
• Gougerot H, Basset A (1939) [Occupational eczema due to vanilla]. Bulletin de la Société Française de Dermatologie et de Syphiligraphie 46: 1329
• Greenberg LA, Lester D (1954) Handbook of Cosmetic Materials. Their properties, uses, and toxic and dermatologic actions. With a bibliography of over 2,500 titles. New York: Interscience Publishers [doi] [WorldCat] [url] [url-2]
• Hiley RF (1909) Dermatitis due to vanilla. The Lancet 173(4472): 1433 [doi] [url] [url-2]
• Hjorth N (1961) Eczematous Allergy to Balsams, Allied Perfumes and Favouring Agents. With special reference to balsam of Peru. Copenhagen: Munksgaard [WorldCat] [url]
• Hjorth N, Weismann K (1972) Occupational dermatitis in chefs and sandwich makers. Contact Dermatitis Newsletter (11): 301, 300 [url]
• Hutchinson J (1892) An eruption caused by vanilla. Archives of Surgery (London) 4(Jul): 49-50 [url] [url-2]
• Leggett W (1914) Vanilla as a skin irritant. British Medical Journal i(2790; Jun 20): 1351-1352 [doi] [doi-2] [url] [url-2]
• MacDougal DT (1894) On the poisonous influence of Cypripedium spectabile and Cypripedium pubescens. Minnesota Botanical Studies, Bulletin 9 1(I): 32-36 + 3 plates [url] [url-2]
• MacDougal DT (1895) Poisonous influence of various species of Cypripedium. Minnesota Botanical Studies, Bulletin 9 1(VII): 450-451 [url] [url-2]
• Maiden JH (1912) Additional skin-irritating plants. Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales 23(7): 604 [url] [url-2]
• McNair JB (1923) Rhus Dermatitis from Rhus Toxicodendron, Radicans and Diversiloba (Poison Ivy). Its Pathology and Chemotherapy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press [url]
• Morton JF (1962a) Ornamental plants with toxic and/or irritant properties. II. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 75: 484-491 [url] [url-2]
• Nestler A (1907) Das Sekret der Drüsenhaare der Gattung Cypripedium mit besonderer Berücksichtigung seiner hautreizenden Wirkung. [The secretion of the glandular hairs of the genus Cypripedium with special consideration of its irritating effect on the skin]. Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 25(10): 554-567 [url] [url-2]
• Nestler A (1908) Das Hautgift der Cypripedien. In: Wiesner-Festschrift. Im Auftrage des Festkomitees redigiert von K. Linsbauer, pp. 200-206. Wien: Carl Konegen (Ernst Stülpnagel) [url] [url-2]
• Pammel LH (1911) A Manual of Poisonous Plants. Chiefly of North America, with Brief Notes on Economic and Medicinal Plants, and Numerous Illustrations. Cedar Rapids, IA: Torch Press [WorldCat] [url] [url-2]
• Pirilä V (1970) [Endogenic contact eczema]. Allergie und Asthma (Leipzig) 16(1): 15-19 [pmid]
• Prosser White R (1934) The Dermatergoses or Occupational Affections of the Skin, 4th edn. London: HK Lewis [doi] [WorldCat] [url] [url-2]
• Schmidt RJ (2017) Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 – a recast of the Cosmetic Products Directive 76/768/EEC – in regard to the safety of plant-derived cosmetic product ingredients. The Expert Witness (20): 35-37 [doi] [url] [url-2]
• Schwartz L, Tulipan L, Birmingham DJ (1957) Irritant plants and woods. In: Occupational Diseases of the Skin. 3rd edn, pp. 636-672. London: Henry Kimpton [doi] [WorldCat] [url] [url-2]
• Sidi E, Hincky M (1964) [Unusual clinical appearances of allergic contact dermatitis]. Revista Clínica Española 1: 209
• Sprague TA (1921) Plant dermatitis. Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 59(707): 308-310 [url] [url-2]
• Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products (2019) Commission Decision (EU) 2019/701 of 5 April 2019 establishing a glossary of common ingredient names for use in the labelling of cosmetic products. Official Journal of the European Union 62(L 121): 1-370 [url] [url-2]
• Touton K (1932) Hauterkrankungen durch phanerogamische Pflanzen und ihre Produkte (Toxicodermia et Allergodermia phytogenes) [Skin Diseases Caused by Phanerogamic Plants and their Products (Toxicodermia et Allergodermia phytogenes)]. In: Jadassohn J (Ed.) Handbuch der Haut- und Geschlechtskrankheiten. Band IV, Teil I. Angeborene Anomalien. Lichtdermatosen. Pflanzengifte. Thermische Schädigungen. Einfluss Innerer Störungen auf die Haut [Handbook of Skin and Venereal Diseases. Volume IV, Part I. Congenital abnormalities. Photodermatoses. Plant toxins. Thermal injuries. Influence of internal disorders on the skin], pp. 487-697. Berlin: Julius Springer [doi] [WorldCat] [url] [url-2]
• White JC (1887) Dermatitis Venenata: an account of the action of external irritants upon the skin. Boston: Cupples and Hurd [doi] [WorldCat] [url] [url-2]
• White JC (1888) Letter to the Editor. Garden and Forest 1(May 2): 118 [url] [url-2]
• [ + 6 further references not yet included in database]

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